Over 70 homes damaged by natural gas pressure in Massachusetts

Investigators still don’t know what happened, but apparently excess gas pressure occurred

From an Article by Rachel Gutman, The Atlantic Magazine, September 14, 2018

Late Thursday, dozens of explosions erupted in three towns in northern Massachusetts. As many as 70 fires, explosions, and suspected gas leaks were reported to state police, with at least 39 homes affected in Lawrence, Andover, and North Andover. One person was killed when a chimney collapsed on his car, and at least 25 more people were reportedly treated for injuries.

In a statement, Columbia Gas said a total of 8,600 customers will be without service until safety teams can ensure that their homes and businesses are leak-free.

A widespread series of explosions like the one in Massachusetts is “really rare,” says Robert Jackson, a professor of energy and environmental science at Stanford University. Jackson’s studies focus on the environmental impacts of natural gas, and he has mapped thousands of gas leaks in cities around the country, including Boston. He told me that such an event is “unprecedented in recent years,” since explosions are usually isolated to a single building.

Jackson is not involved in investigating the Massachusetts explosions, but he was able to offer some insight into what could have caused such a strange, dramatic incident. The most likely explanation, he says, is the one most reports have speculated: Pipelines in the towns became suddenly over-pressurized. In the same way that high-voltage power lines traverse hundreds of miles before breaking off into lower-voltage tributaries in neighborhoods, natural-gas delivery systems consist of both long-distance, high-pressure pipelines and local ones that are only nominally pressurized and deliver gas into homes. Neighborhood pipelines are usually designed to withstand two to three times their normal operating pressure, but any increase makes gas more likely to escape.

“I can’t imagine another explanation for this event than a flush of pressurized gas,” Jackson says.

If local lines indeed were suddenly inundated with high-pressure gas, Jackson says, that could result in an explosion in one of two ways. First, the pipes themselves could explode. Second—and more likely, according to Jackson—excess pressure could have caused gas to leak out of pipes and valves and into homes, where it could be ignited by a pilot light and send whole buildings up in flames.

In most cases, according to Jackson, such rapid pressurization would be caused by a failure at a valve that separates high- and low-pressure pipelines. As for what would lead to such a failure, Jackson says, it could be that “somebody made a mistake. To flip the wrong valve, leave a junction open. Human error is the most common source of natural-gas explosions.”

Columbia Gas’s website announced an improvement campaign just a few hours before the explosions began, though no evidence has yet linked the explosions to pipeline updates or botched repairs.

A flush of gas could also occur if older valves leak or break. In 2015, Jackson and his colleagues found that cities like Cincinnati that replaced their aging pipelines had 90 percent fewer gas leaks a mile than older cities like Boston that relied on older, cast-iron pipes. Across the country, Jackson says, many local pipelines are more than a century old—including in Boston, the closest major city his team studied to Thursday’s explosions.

Even though natural-gas leaks are fairly common, serious consequences aren’t. From 1998 to 2017, 15 people a year, on average, died in incidents related to gas distribution in the U.S. “Significant incidents”—those that do things such as cause an injury or death, result in at least $50,000 of damage, or lead to a fire or explosion—happen about 286 times a year.

That might sound like a lot. But then again, the streets of Boston carry an average of four gas leaks a mile.

##########…..##########

Gas inspections continue days after explosions in Massachusetts

From an Article of CBS News, September 15, 2018

LAWRENCE, Mass. — Utility workers were continuing to go door-to-door at thousands of houses in the Merrimack Valley on Saturday, checking gas valves two days after a series of explosions and fires prompted widespread evacuations, CBS Boston reported.

On Friday, Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker declared a state of emergency in Lawrence, Andover and North Andover. That allowed the Department of Public Utilities to replace Columbia Gas with Eversource as the lead company in recovery efforts.

A series of gas explosions Thursday killed a teenager, injured about 25 others, damaged dozens of homes and forced the evacuation of thousands in Lawrence, North Andover and Andover.

Eversource said Friday it would be weeks, not days, to fully restore gas service in the region.

More than 100 gas technicians were deployed throughout the night and into Saturday to make sure each home is safe to enter. No one in the area should turn on their gas unless a crew turns it on for them.

Even after residents return and their electricity is restored, gas service won’t be turned on until technicians can inspect every connection in each home.

Natural Gas Pipeline Explosion

The Blast Radius: What Does it Mean For Your Neighborhood?

From an Article by Richard Averett, December 20, 2014

Note the blast radius as defined by the white smoke at the edge of the burned area.

We’ve been provided a report from the Pipeline Saftey Trust that was done for the Gas Research Institute (the gas industry) in October 2000 by C-FER Technologies which has some revealing information about the “blast radius” of a pipeline explosion. The blast radius is the distance that the fire from the explosion consumes, measured in feet from the epicenter to the outer edge of the burned area.

We’re interested in understanding how the blast from a pipeline explosion will affect Jersey City in terms of death, injury and property damage. This report gives some insight into what to expect.

As if the study wasn’t bad enough, the data collected from actual explosions paints a bleaker picture.

Findings  [Read: The full report ]

The title of this report, “A Model for sizing High Consequence Areas” (HCA) is described as follows.

The definition of High Consequence Areas is expected to require additional protection for people with limited mobility such as day care centers, old age homes, and prisons. This report suggests the definition for the HCA area of increased protection be set by two parameters, the pipe diameter and it’s operating pressure.

Jersey City certainly qualifies as a HCA as we have many schools, pre-schools, day care centers, retirement homes and hospitals adjacent to the pipeline’s proposed path.

Furthermore, the report acknowledges that natural gas pipelines “rupture” carry “a significant threat.”

The rupture of a high-pressure natural gas pipeline can lead to outcomes that can pose a significant threat to people and property in the immediate vicinity of the failure location. The dominant hazard is thermal radiation from a sustained fire and an estimate of the ground area affected by a credible worst-case event can be obtained from a model that characterizes the heat intensity associated with rupture failure of the pipe where the escaping gas is assumed to feed a fire that ignites very soon after line failure.

How Big of a Blast Radius Are We Talking About?

According to the Report

Spectra has stated in their pre-filing application with FERC for the “New Jersey – New York Expansion Project”, that the diameter of pipeline will be 30″, approximately 15 miles through Jersey City operating at a minimum of 800 PSI (pounds per square inch) to a maximum pressure of 1440 PSI. This is a standard for transmission of natural gas across many miles.

According to Public Pipeline Failure Incidents

The data on actual pipeline failure incidents tells a slightly different story as many actual incidents report a greater radius of burn than does the actual graph established by this report.

For instance, a blast near Bealeton, Virginia (1975 NTSB-PAR-75-2) burned a radius of 700 feet at less than 800 PSI – the minimum operating pressure Spectra will run through Jersey City – when the chart above shows burn radius should have been no more than approximately 525 feet.

Thus the actual burn radius was 75% greater than hypothesized.

Another incident involving a 30″ pipe was near Jackson, Louisiana (1984 NTSB-PAR-86-1) burned an area 1450 feet long by 360 feet wide (furthest fire extent 950 feet) while operating at 1016 PSI which claimed 5 lives within 65 feet (0 foot offset) and 23 injuries within 800 feet (180 foot offset).

Graph of Blast Radius vs. Diameter & Pressure

The actual burn radius for this incident is 45 to 52% greater than the 660 foot burn radius hypothesized.

See also: http://nogaspipeline.org/2010-08-19/the-blast-radius | nogaspipeline@gmail.com